基于农林植物表型的智能喷雾机械研究进展

传统喷雾机械通常仅关注无生命的机械作业性能，而忽略了有生命的植物因素，造成喷雾机械智能化水平不高。文中在分析农林植物表型对喷雾机械设计方法和喷雾性能影响的基础上，系统综述国内外开展的智能喷雾机械研究，提出基于植物表型的智能喷雾机械设计方法研究展望，探讨分析基于农林植物表型特征参数的新型、高水平智能化喷雾机械，并指出农林植物表型技术的发展必将推动绿色智能喷雾机械的创新。     

Use of netting and whitewash spray to protect papaya plants against Nivun Haamir (NH)-dieback disease

A disease causing the decline of papaya (Carica papaya) plants was noticed in the Jordan Valley in 1982. The disease caused severe yellowing of the upper leaves and dieback of the apex. The disease was not transmissible mechanically and continued efforts to associate viruses and viroids have so far been unsuccessful. Epidemiological observations suggested that the disease is airborne and probably caused by a mollicute. In order to test this hypothesis, plots were covered by an insect-proof net and with white nets providing 15, 30 and 50% shade. The 30%, 50% and insect-proof nettings provided complete protection, and the 15% netting reduced disease incidence to <2%, compared with>37% in the uncovered control plot. Spraying plants at weekly intervals with a commercial whitewash solution was also found to be effective in reducing disease incidence. The advantages of using a range of netting field treatments as a simple means for obtaining information on the epidemiological nature of a new disease are described.     

高压无气喷涂工艺在大型储罐上的应用

分析了大型储罐传统防腐涂装方式的特点,指出了采用新型涂装方式的必要性,介绍了高压无气喷涂工艺的预处理、实施及注意事项,分析了高压无气喷涂工艺的实施效果,提出了储罐防腐的建议.     

几种叶面肥料在小菊上的筛选与应用研究

试验采用单因素随机区组设计,叶面喷施肥料的施肥方法,应用方差分析和多重比较分析试验数据,从而筛选出小菊最佳的营养元素配方。试验从不同叶面肥料在小菊上的筛选与应用研究的试验结果得到：小菊对肥料具有较强的选择性：三高灵的施用能够增加小菊的开花数量和鲜叶片叶绿素的含量；宝力丰的施用能提高小菊单株的干物重；OPAL的施用能延长小菊开花的花期。     

二化螟在茭白上的钻蛀行为及其防治方法

研究了二化螟在茭白植株上的转移、钻蛀和产卵行为以及取食选择性,并根据其行为特性,制订合理的药剂喷施方法.结果表明,二化螟90%以上的卵产在茭白的叶片上,其余部分产在叶鞘上.产卵的主要叶位是心叶、倒一叶和倒二叶.超过50%的卵块集中在叶片距叶枕0～60cm的部位.幼虫孵化后,蚁螟蛀入的部位一般在叶枕以下的叶鞘内侧,多集中于倒四、倒五叶鞘.2龄后开始钻蛀内侧叶鞘,并蛀入茭白茎的内芯,二化螟幼虫在茭白植株上通常从叶片转移到叶鞘进行钻蛀危害.幼虫嗜食茭白茎部,其次为茭白果肉和叶鞘,对叶片几乎不取食.使用叶鞘喷施杀虫可达到对茭白进行全株喷雾同样的防治效果,并可节省40%～50%的用药量,经济和生态效益十分明显.     

无人机施药对棉蚜的防治效果及经济效益分析

为探讨采用无人机防治新疆南部地区棉蚜的可行性并筛选防治效果好的杀虫剂及具有增效作用的杀虫剂助剂，研究了采用大疆MG-1S型无人机喷施不同的杀虫剂+助剂对棉蚜的防治效果，并对无人机飞防的经济效益进行了分析。结果表明:采用MG-1S型无人机喷施22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂(SC) 225 mL/hm2(制剂量，下同)时对棉蚜的防治效果最好，优于喷施70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂(WG) 30 g/hm2和70%啶虫咪WG 60 g/hm2。在添加助剂方面，以分别在70%啶虫脒WG 60g/hm2和70%吡虫啉WG 30g/hm2中添加15 mL/hm2的高工效通用助剂的防治效果最好，其次为聚合物类助剂和飞防增效剂；而在22%氟啶虫胺腈SC(150 mL/hm2)中，以添加150 mL/hm2的飞防增效剂的效果最好，其次为矿物源类、有机硅类和聚合物类助剂。采用无人机施药，在施药后3 d和5 d的防治效果与采用机械+人工拖管施药相比均无显著性差异，但无人机田间作业施药液量减少1/3，工作效率提高3倍，机械作业费减少60元/hm2，可满足现代农业高效、节药和降低成本的需要。     

Evaluation of the pattern of spray released from a moving multicopter

BACKGROUND

Multicopters are used for releasing particulates seeds, fertilizer and spray. Their low cost and high manoeuvrability make them attractive for spraying in steep terrain and areas where overspray is undesirable. This article describes a model of multicopter wake and its influence on particulate dispersion, which is computationally economical compared to many computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches, yet retains reasonable accuracy.

RESULTS

A model was successfully implemented in OpenFOAM . It features source terms for the rotor wash, Lagrangian particle tracking, an evaporation model, and a porous medium approach to model the effect of the ground vegetation. Predictions were validated against the field tests of Richardson et al. which used a DJI Agras MG-1 multicopter in three different flights with airspeeds of 3.2–4.9 m s⁻¹, ground speeds of 2.1–2.9 m s⁻¹ and cross-wind speeds of 0.04–2.2 m s⁻¹. The effective swath width (30% line separation) was predicted to within one standard deviation. Sensitivity to a rotor rotational speed, flight height, flight velocity, multicopter roll and yaw angles, surface roughness length, plant height and leaf density was checked.

CONCLUSION

In all flight trials, the modelled swath was closest to the experimentally obtained swath when the surface roughness of the fetch was equal to 0.5 m (bushes) and the rotational speed of all rotors was equal to 2475 rpm with 0.75R (0.2 m) tall plant canopy (grass) introduced to the model. The model showed acceptable validity for flight velocities of ≤2.8–5 m s⁻¹ when flight parameters can be approximately estimated. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

METAL MATRIX PARTICULATE COMPOSITES BY SPRAYING CODEPOSITION

The spraying codeposition process is used to produce metal matrix paniculate composites, whose technical procedure and main processing parameters are analyzed. The microstructure of the composites is examined and the properties are tested. The solidification characteristics in the spraying deposition and solidification process are discussed. The results indicate that several problems involved in conventional methods can be overcome with this technique to preduce metal matrix paniculate composites. The reinforce particles are dispersed in the matrix homogeneously without solidification segregation. Compared with the matrix alloy,the composite proves to be harder and has excellent wear resistance.     

荷电喷雾电晕电极诱导电场数值计算与分析

为深入研究电晕荷电喷雾产生电场的分布情况,针对电晕荷电喷雾中常用的多针组合式电极,采用电荷模拟法,运用matlab软件编程,对电极诱导电场进行数值计算,得出了电场中任意点的电势、场强值及其分布图。通过计算分析发现,电晕放电产生的静电场是极不均匀的;场强由电极结构参数-极径、电极尖端曲率半径、电极电压、针状电极的个数以及电极环中心距地面的垂直高度决定;雾滴从喷嘴到靶标的输运过程中,电晕电极产生的电场仅在输运初始阶段对雾滴的运动起主导作用。     

喷雾机器人远程控制系统的设计与试验研究

结合喷雾机器人作业环境的要求,开发出基于客户端/服务器模式的远程控制平台.该平台实现了通过无线网络实时传输各类数据和控制命令,客户端再现了机器人的工作环境和状态.在此基础上进行了系统性能测试和轨迹测试.试验结果表明:为了保证良好的操控性,机器人所处区域信号强度必须大于30%,操作者根据反馈信息判断机器人是否偏离预定路径,并在偏离时给予有效的纠正,为解决喷雾机器人重喷、漏喷的问题提供了一种方法.